Increasing familiarity with these differences and commonalities can shape and shift our perspectives see 3 , cultivate an acceptance that facilitates belonging, and diminish the misconceptions and prejudices that fuel discrimination.

Becoming a Global Citizen If you experience diversity in your everyday life, you will have regular exposure to people, cultures, traditions, and practices that are unlike your own. Hopefully you will learn the skills to communicate and interact with communities, concepts, and belief systems that you are unfamiliar with and therefore gain a more worldly, balanced, and informed perspective.

Not only will you enhance your own social development, but you will also increase your true understanding of the world. This will prepare you to be a part of a global society, whether you are traveling to a new country, working with people from diverse backgrounds, or just reading about events in the news that heavily impacts a population different than your own.

Perhaps talking to someone new will change your mind or challenge your values which on a subconscious level can seem scary for our brains, or the pay off for flexible thinking is a life where we get to see through many different lenses and experience the kaleidoscope that diversity of perspective has to offer.

Richer Life Experience Diversity is a natural state of being for the human race. What if everyone who surrounded you was exactly like you, in every way? In an institutional culture where the full circle of human qualities is regarded with respect and where the particular gifts of every university community member are dignified by conscious recognition, human beings can thrive.

The phrase, "Think globally; act locally," has inspired our national culture to better understand that the world is a multicultural society of which we are a part.

The systems of the world - its governments, economies, religions and cultures - are increasingly dependent on interdependence. Differences become strengths in a collaborative effort. Collaboration is a path to peace. Over the years, Celebration participants have shared their thoughts about the celebration and diversity in a number of ways. Here are some of them:. The Diversity Celebration features a wide array of local and international music, eclectic dancing, delectable food, and imaginative crafts.

Appalachian students, faculty, staff, K schools, and members of the local community are all invited to join us in this celebration of cultures through art and entertainment. This video was produced to promote the Diversity Celebration, but provides a great retrospective of the Festival up to that time.

Many of the faces have changed, but the spirit of the Festival remains the same. Diversity, when applied in a human context, comprises the inclusion of a wide variety of cultures, ethnicities and groups, races, religious beliefs, socio-economic backgrounds, sexual orientation and gender identity.

The diversity of life is made up not only of the wide realm of human cultures and languages, but also of the diverse world of plants and animal species, habitats and ecosystems. Therefore, a more sustainable world is one in which biological, cultural and linguistic diversity thrive through the strength of the system. It is upon the foundation of this diverse array of ecological and human cultures that a sustaining, resilient world is built.

While the Diversity Celebration conveys a message of sustainability through diversity, on-going greening initiatives of the celebration include:.

The Diversity Celebration provides a venue where diverse perspectives, cultures and values are accepted, appreciated and celebrated. Sustained Dialogue at Appalachian is part of the international Sustained Dialogue Institute program that prepares community members to deeply engage in difficult conversations ranging from race, gender identity and religion to politics and various global challenges.

Copyright Appalachian State University. All rights reserved. Most people probably feel that they are very appreciative of diversity and always help others to feel included. Here are a variety of assessments that you might take about yourself and your organization to get a more accurate perspective. This is critically important for successful leadership in any type of culture. You make a major difference in your organization, whether you know it or not, just by exposing it to your own nature and style of working.

Thus, you need to understand your nature. For example, the secretarial staff might interact with each other in a manner quite different from that of the marketing staff. In larger organizations, there are often several differences, for example, between senior management and support staff. You should start in your first interaction with them. State that you recognize that different people might work differently depending on their own personalities and the culture of the overall organization.

Ask them how you can understand the nature of their organization. Attempt to get someone from the organization to help you understand their culture and how to work in a manner compatible with the culture of the organization.

This request is not a sign of weakness or lack of expertise; rather it is an authentic request that better serves you and your employees.

Consider asking others to help you understand how each of the following aspects might be unique in the culture of the organization. Key cultural aspects that might affect your leadership include:.

It is not uncommon for people of any culture to experience confusion or engage in protracted arguments about activities only to realize later on that they have been in agreement all along — they had been using different definitions for the same terms.

The following guidelines are most important when ensuring people continue to understand each other when talking about management activities. It is common for people from different cultures to become confused because different people are talking about results and others about the activities to produce the results. Here is another example.

Therefore, it is important for you to recognize if your employees have their own form of a certain activity and how that form is carried out in the organization. If your conversations with others about management seem to get stuck or mired in confusion, it often helps to separate terms from the intent of those terms.

For example:. The topic of leadership has become so prominent and passionate with so many people that it sometimes causes great confusion. When people talk about leadership, they might be talking about traits of leaders, such as being charismatic, influential and ethical. However, when others talk about leadership, they might be talking about roles of leadership, such as the Board Chair or the Chief Executive Officer.

Both discussions are about leadership, but both are about quite different aspects. For example, when talking about leading yourself, you might be talking about leadership skills, such as being assertive or having good time and stress management skills. When talking about leading other individuals, you might be talking about skills, such as coaching, delegating or mentoring.

When talking about leading groups, you might be talking about skills, such as facilitation or meeting management.

Thirdly, it's a laptop. I don't hate on laptops nore do I bash G1 for their occasional freeze-ups in either their actual servers or their netcode. Simply stated all of the above are not helpful in game play.

I honestly don't care how new or old your hardware is, it's not up to the challenge of playing this game. This is easy to remedy. I could compile a proper APBCompat. If these guys know so much about their game why do they have issues implementing small changes that offer huge gains for the user-bases enjoyment factor?

Juli um Honestly I dont think the graphics card is the biggest factor in why anybody's APB lags. Upgrading your ram and HD are most likely the biggest. RAM being the biggest. Search on google how to prepare windows 10 for gaming, click on the youtube video that comes up, and follow it. After all of those steps i've restarted and it works now. But my guess it's that the MsgHook.

Same problem for Ultramon. Seems like you need to shut off every programm which Battleeye doesn't support. It show you always the dll. Resolved Bugs. Search In. Existing user? Sign In Sign in with GamersFirst. Forum rules. Sign in to follow this Followers 1. Recommended Posts. Raynerrrr 4. Posted June 8, If stutter lag is where it 'freezes' on a picture, but the sound is still going then it suddenly jumps to the moving picture again, then yeah i have that.

I also have mental FPS lag, expecially when fighting people, the movements so down and then 'stutter' lag kicks in and i just die instandaniously. Thats basically what is wrong. Do you know how to fix this since you said Stutter lag was caused by my Laptop, you know any thing to help, would be great! Cheers for the help! Being a laptop is already detrimental by definition.

That said, the slowest part of your PC is most likely the hardrive. APB reads the harddrive a lot. More than it should. It's rediculous. APB is constantly accessing the slowest part of your computer.. Such a bad thing But that's how it is. If you join an empty server and have no issues running around, driving, jumping, spinning etc Then you can expect the harddrive to be the culprit.

If you join an empty server and do all the dancing and driving around you normally do , but still have problems Then your computer as a whole is just not up to par. Not many things can be done to help the harddrive function better. You can use a program to defragment and sort the files on the drive. That's probably going to be the easiest and most effective free thing you can do.

A program I use to do exactly this is called Auslogics Disk Defrag. It is a free program that only runs if you ask it too, No ads, no popups, no e-mails required etc etc. If you ignore all the other things inside the program and just use these two features you'll get the most benifit you can out of it.

Most laptops have a slow turning ish RPM drive in them to save on energy costs as you use it. If you are luck it will be a RPM drive. Even so this isn't going to be fast enough for good APB gameplay..

Even a RPM drive is going to have issues here and there. You could always install a SSD drive and run the game from there, but being a laptop odds are good it can only hold one harddrive, and getting an SSD to run it instead will require more knowledge and problems to be handled than I'll bother explaining, Such as reinstalling the Operationg system with CD's designed to do so from the manufacturer for your particular model of laptop, coupled with the fact that transfer of any files you'd like to save would be even more painful a task without a 3rd drive to store and transfer them through.

Long story short.. They are for sitting in your lap and surfing the web or watching a movie while heating your leg.

Search Advanced search…. New posts. Search forums. Log in. Install the app. Contact us. Close Menu. Welcome to EDAboard. To participate you need to register. Registration is free. Click here to register now. Register Log in. JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.

You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly. You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. Please explain the term 3dB Bandwidth. Thread starter Hamidzia Start date Jul 25, Status Not open for further replies. Hamidzia Member level 3. Please explain the term '3dB Bandwidth'. That is the gain has a certain variation with the frequency of the signal. Best regards gam. Kevin Weddle Advanced Member level 4.

Re: 3 dB Bandwidth I like the graph. It answers the question nicely. This describes the unit circle which has a radius equal to one. The adjacent is equal to one, the opposite is equal to one, the hypotenuse is equal sqrt2. Thank you very much to all Specially to gam for a very comprehensive detail and graph. Now i have a good idea of the term. Tell me that can we call 3dB bandwidth as half power bandwidth?

Is 3dB Bandwidth is nothing to do with the numeric value '3dB'? Is the numeric value just used for no reason? Thanks again. Re: 3 dB Bandwidth The half power comes from the fact that sin45 times V quantity squared is equal to. I think the magic number deals with the fact that at 45 degrees, the radius and the heighth are equal to one, which is dimension of the unit circle. Note that this is a ratio of two things with the same unit watt. A ratio such as this does NOT have a unit it is dimensionless.

The "unit" dB is only used to stress the fact that you are giving the ratio of powers in log domain and not in "linear" domain. Then because you you use. The advantage of thinking about it this way is that you can determine fc from low frequency simulation and do not have to have any a priori knowledge of fc to know what range of frequencies to simulate over to properly bracket it.

You cannot easily measure at this low frequency, and if there is any nonlinearity then a 1V signal will introduce distortion, but in a simulator an ac analysis is done on the circuit linearized at its dc operating point and you can easily simulate at any frequency, so it works like a charm.

I think, all of the given justifications are appropriate - however, we should not forget that this -3dB limit is an arbitrary one. There may be good reasons for choosing this value - on the other hand, some filter approximations with passband ripple Chebyshev, elliptical do NOT use this 3dB limit. In some particular cases it can be necessary - even for Butterworth filters - to specify the band edge at the 1dB or 2dB frequency.

Thus, the 3dB limit is not a "natural" threshold - it just makes sense for many applications. The 3dB point corresponds to half Power Point ie. No answer is voted up by Cyril Robinson, the man who asked this question. Till now there is no response from him on all the above answers. IS he still not satisfied with these answers. Excuse me,t he most important vote is that of the asking person! From my point of view the voting system is not a sufficient measure for answers evaluation.

Some better answers collected less votes! Thank you Prof. Lutz for providing info on the relevance of 3 dB cutoff points regarding some other filters like Chebishev, Butterworth Filters etc. An international definition for bandwidth, while u can defined yours say 6dB or 10dB.

Depends on the manufacturer. Else what so ever other members say is correct. Thank you.. Sorry for replying late sir. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Uploaded by Igor Gjorgjiev. Did you find this document useful? Is this content inappropriate? Report this Document.

Flag for inappropriate content. Download now. For Later. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. Join for free Please tell me, Why the cutoff frequency is taken for 3dB and not other values like 1 or 2 db? Krieger University of Alberta Generally speaking, a filter's cutoff frequency is not necessarily defined at -3dB. Feb 9, Suresh Susurla Indian Institute of Technology Madras As answered by other friends, actually the frequency corresponding to 3dB magnitude is considered as bandwidth of the signal or of the system.

Feb 9, Samir Ben Abid -3dB means that only half of the signal's power is attenuated by the filter. Mar 9, Stephen Hall University of Liverpool This seems a very inefficient way of finding out very basic knowledge. Why not simply look in a textbook? Mar 14, Shailesh Kumar Dr. Patil University 3dB corresponds to the half of the maximum power. Apr 2, Jagadish Kadadevarmath Karnatak University, Dharwad Particularly in communication applications it required to have constatnt gain over lager bandwidth.

Apr 3, Kurt Lathrop It's not really arbitrary. Apr 7, A. It is simply a convention. You can be sure it's referring to the preamplifier. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. What is the significance of -3dB? Ask Question. Asked 10 years, 11 months ago.

Active 4 years, 9 months ago. Viewed k times. Thomas O Thomas O Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. So originally we had 36 W, now we have 18 W which of course is half of 36 W. Application of -3dB in Filters The -3dB point is very commonly used with filters of all types low pass, band pass, high pass Why filter the input to an Oscope? Community Bot 1. Kellenjb Kellenjb When they rate the scope they are just saying that you will be able to get accurate readings within 3db up to that frequency.

An AC signal of a given amplitude will change at a rate proportional to the frequency, and many circuits have parts which will not behave properly on signals which change too fast. If one didn't include such an filter, the maximum distortion-free input level Show 6 more comments.

The expression holds, obviously, but what suggests the use of the sine in the first place for the phase Bode plot? Ditto non-linearity, for the most part. Ditto preamplifiers. The 3db attenuation point does not refer to the preamplifier's limitation only, but the input system as a whole - which is not designed to exceed MHz. Sign up or log in Sign up using Google.

File image of Indira Gandhi. Gandhi, who was the only child of Nehru, was closely related to the freedom struggle. Educated in Visva-Bharati University, Swiss schools and at Somerville College, Oxford, Gandhi was a key assistant of Nehru during his time as Prime Minister and used to accompany him on many foreign trips.

She was the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of the country, serving from January to March , as well as January to October She nationalised 14 banks during her tenure and worked towards poverty reduction and conservation of the environment. She imposed Emergency in the year , when she was convicted of an election offence by the Allahabad High Court and barred from politics for a period of six years.

In , after she was barred from politics for six years due to being convicted of an election offence, she imposed Emergency in the country. Dhawan, and Mr D. A team of doctors headed by Prof Venugopal attended on her. The entire hospital complex was cordoned off and security tightened.

A security ring was also placed around the 1, Safdarjang Road bungalow. Many others who rushed to Delhi on hearing about the assassination attempt on Mrs Gandhi were, however, prevented from entering the AIIMS by the security staff. Many among them were heard claiming that some foreign radio stations had pronounced her dead around 12 noon.

According to official sources, sub-inspector Beant Singh had endeared himself as a household member. He was not on morning duty, and had been assigned the afternoon shift. But he came on the morning duty, reportedly on the plea of indisposition. It could not be established immediately whether Beant Singh was aware of the fact that the Prime Minister had cancelled all her programmes of the day except three, including the interview with the television team.

She did not go through with this today, presumably because of a tiring tour of Orissa from where she flew back last night. By nightfall, security arrangements were being tightened in the city not only to ensure that communal harmony was not ruffled but in preparation of the large number of VIPs expected to arrive in Delhi in the course of the next two days to pay their homage to Mrs Gandhi and attend her funeral. Till late in the night, messages of condolence had been pouring into Delhi from all over the country and the world where she had attained a new stature with her election in March, , as chairperson of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The body of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was brought tonight to her residence in a gun-carriage and was received tearfully by shocked family members and close friends.

The body was draped in a tricolour and carried on a gun-carriage towed by an Army three-tonnor. The four-km route was cordoned off by armed policemen. Police sources said when a special force set up to investigate the slaying raided the house in Teen Murti lines, they found a padlock and neighbour, when contacted, said that the family had left the house about five days ago. He was one of the most trusted bodyguards of Mrs Gandhi, security officers at 1, Safdarjung Road said.

Satwant Singh, the second assailant, joined duty only three days ago after a two-month leave in Punjab. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated on the lawns of her residence here by two of her security guards.

But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Harry Houdini, the most celebrated magician and escape artist of the 20th century, dies of peritonitis in a Detroit hospital. Twelve days before, Houdini had been talking to a group of students after a lecture in Montreal when he commented on the strength of his stomach muscles On October 31, , legend has it that the priest and scholar Martin Luther approaches the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, and nails a piece of paper to it containing the 95 revolutionary opinions that would begin the Protestant Reformation.

In his theses, Congress quickly admits Nevada as the 36th state in the Union. In , Nevada had only 40, inhabitants, considerably short of the In the autumn of , Beatlemania was a raging epidemic in Britain, and it was rapidly spreading across the European continent.

Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. At the time of his death, Phoenix was considered one of the most promising actors of his

My headlights keep burning out. As in frequently burning out…nearly every other month or so I have to replace one headlight or the other. Could this be indicative of a larger problem with my car? When replacing the headlight lamp are you touching the lamp with your bare fingers? When you handle the lamp with your bare fingers it leaves skin oils on the lamp. This creates hot spots on the lamp shortening the lamps life. You might check for a recall on your vehicle.

I think Tester is probably right, the install process is somehow damaging the headlight. Or the store you are buying the lamps may have a batch of bad ones. Even under ideal conditions, the filament can break, leaving you in the dark.

Vibration caused by driving over rough roads, potholes and bumps will reduce the filament lifespan. Other causes of vibration may be due to a fault in your headlight structure. If the bulb is not securely mounted in the headlight assembly, it will vibrate, even under normal driving conditions. Insecure mounting may be the result of a bent bulb socket or headlight housing. Similarly, if the headlight housing is not securely attached to your car, the entire housing, including the bulb and filament, will vibrate while you are driving, shortening the filament lifespan.

Vibration of the headlight housing may occur even if it is tightly attached to your car if one or both of the front wheels are out of balance. If you feel a shimmy in your steering wheel, this could be a contributing cause of successive bulb failures. Headlight bulbs that operate at high temperatures, such as halogen and HID bulbs , use a special quartz glass envelope to withstand high operating temperatures. You should always wear gloves or use a cloth or paper towel if you have to touch the glass of the bulb.

Should you touch the glass with your bare fingers, oil from your skin will adhere to the glass and may cause hot spots on the glass when the bulb is on, resulting in uneven heating and possibly breakage of the glass. Heat is necessary for the headlight filament to emit light; however, the hotter the filament gets, the less durable it is.

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So what would cause a headlight to keep burning out? Here are several issues that could be the cause: Vibration -- Vibration can be caused by driving over rough roads, the bulb is not securely mounted in the headlight assembly, there is a bent bulb socket or headlight housing, the headlight housing is not securely attached to your car, or the front wheels are out of balance you feel a shimmy in the steering wheel.

Touching the bulb -- You should always wear gloves or use a cloth if you have to touch the glass of the bulb. If you touch the glass with your bare fingers, oil from your skin will adhere to the glass and may cause hot spots on the glass when the bulb is on, resulting in uneven heating and possibly breakage of the glass. Temperature extremes -- Heat is necessary for the headlight filament to emit light; however, the hotter the filament gets, the less durable it is.

If you do an excessive amount of night driving or drive with daytime running lights, the increased amount of time that your lights are on will heat the filament to a higher temperature.

Also, if you drive in cold climates, bulb filaments become more brittle and are more susceptible to breakage, especially if accompanied by vibrations from rough roads and potholes.

You expect the same thing to happen this year. This is rare, because the Internal Revenue Code defines taxable income as gross income minus deductions. However, there are some types of income that typically aren't subject to tax.

You can see a list here. The Fair Labor Standards Act requires that most workers get paid at least minimum wage and overtime. However, some people in executive, administrative, professional and outside sales jobs are exempt from those rules. The Labor Department uses a few tests to determine whether an employee is exempt from the minimum wage and overtime rules.

They generally have to do with pay and job duties. Learn more on the department's website. Personal exemptions no longer exist. You'll need to have an IRA account first. Here's how to open one quickly.

Tax exemptions whittle down what counts as income in the first place; that is, exemptions usually come right off the top. Tax credits are dollar-for-dollar reductions in your tax bill. Would you consider contributing to our work? We work hard to make our analysis as useful as possible. Would you consider telling us more about how we can do better?

Withholding Worldwide Tax System Go. Tax Exemption. What Is a Tax Exemption? History of Tax-Exempt Entities Tax-exempt entities trace their origin to the Revenue Act of , where Congress began to define and exclude certain organizations from tax due to their activities related to social welfare, charitable contributions, or religious education.

Was this page helpful to you? Thank You! Let us know how we can better serve you! So, if your total tax on Form is smaller than your refundable credits, you owed no income tax. If you expect the same result in the current tax year, you might qualify for exemption from withholding. No, filing as exempt is not illegal — however you must meet a series of criteria in order to file exempt status on your Form W Also, even if you qualify for an exemption, your employer will still withhold for Social Security and Medicare taxes.

If you claim exempt on your Form W-4 without actually being eligible, anticipate a large tax bill and possible penalties after you file your tax return. If both of the following statements apply, you could face a tax penalty:. As noted above, you can claim an exemption from federal withholdings if you expect a refund of all federal income tax withheld because you expect to have no tax liability and had no tax liability in the previous tax year. To claim an exemption, you must complete only lines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 and sign the form to validate it.

Writing this will guarantee that withholdings are not taken from your future paychecks. Do not complete any other steps on Form W If you claim an exemption from withholding, you will need to submit a new Form W-4 by February 16,

Furthermore, opponents point to the military draft as something women would have to contend with if the ERA is ratified. In reality, women are already commonplace in the military and have been allowed to serve in all combat roles since The potential role of the ERA in this setting would simply be to ensure that all people serving in the military are treated equally regardless of sex. Additionally, government and state officials who oppose the ERA, including a Trump appointee in the U.

Department of Justice and three Republican state attorneys general, have argued that continued state efforts to ratify the ERA are moot given the initial deadline. Advocates also dismiss the attempts of five states to rescind their ratifications, given that such attempts with the 14th and 15th Amendments were considered to lack constitutional authority and were thus ignored. Notably, the 27th Amendment to the U. Constitution was ratified nearly years after it was introduced in the first Congress.

In a moment of unprecedented attacks by the Trump administration and others against women and the programs and policies upon which they depend—and the majority of American adults supporting the ERA—the amendment seems as ripe as ever for ratification.

While often portrayed as a world leader, the United States lags behind the 76 percent of countries around the world with constitutions that guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA has certain symbolic importance, communicating unequivocally that people across the gender spectrum are innately equal and deserving of constitutional protection. It would demonstrate fundamental respect for the value and support of women and people across the gender spectrum in the way that the country has done for the privileged and powerful since its founding.

And yet, it is not a perfect, cure-all solution. The ERA will not immediately garner rights for women and people across the gender spectrum that they do not already have under law—rights that were secured by over years of litigation and activism.

What the ERA could do, however, is provide essential support in litigating sex discrimination by bolstering existing statutory protections that are currently vulnerable to attack by the Trump administration and conservative lawmakers. Moreover, the effect of the ERA depends in large part on how it is interpreted and enforced. Constitutional protections against discrimination, and existing statutory protections for that matter, are hollow without vigorous enforcement.

Laura E. Colin Seeberger Director, Media Relations. Opportunities for progress alongside the ERA The ERA represents critical progress, but it is important to recognize that its passage alone will not end discrimination overnight or result in instant equality.

Protecting and expanding access to abortion care: Lawmakers must eliminate harmful restrictions, such as targeted regulation of abortion providers TRAP laws and the Hyde Amendment, as well as expand insurance coverage of abortion care.

Eliminating racial disparities in maternal health outcomes: Lawmakers must improve access to critical services; improve the quality of care provided to pregnant women; address maternal mental health; enhance supports for families before and after birth; and improve data collection and oversight, particularly with a focus on persistent racial disparities.

Combating workplace discrimination: Lawmakers must enact policies that improve protections against pay discrimination, enhance protections against workplace sexual harassment, and expand pregnancy accommodations and anti-retaliation protections for pregnant workers. Increasing wages: Lawmakers must raise the federal minimum wage, eliminate the subminimum wage for workers with disabilities, and eliminate the tipped minimum wage. Although once friends, Decatur sat on the court-martial that suspended Barron from the Navy for five years in and Formed to foster economic growth in the region, resolve disputes between its members, and coordinate The legislation levied a direct tax on all materials printed for Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox.

The Stanley Cup has since become one of the most cherished and recognized trophies in sport. On March 22, , President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Beer and Wine Revenue Act. This law levies a federal tax on all alcoholic beverages to raise revenue for the federal government and gives individual states the option to further regulate the sale and distribution of In a long-anticipated challenge to sites like YouTube, two entertainment giants—News Corporation and NBC Universal—announce a high-stakes internet venture on March 22, This anti-E.

In the early 70s, the arbitrary time limit—a tradition that began with political maneuvering around the 18th amendment Prohibition —had unsettled some. I think it is perfectly proper to have the 7-year statute so that it should not be hanging over our heads forever. But I may say I think it will be ratified almost immediately. As approached and the E. The 27th Amendment prohibits members of Congress from giving themselves a pay raise right before an election.

Legal scholars debate the validity of that rescission, as there is historic precedent implying that ratification is binding: Ohio and New Jersey tried to take back their approval of the 14th Amendment in , but despite this retraction, the official documents still include them on his list of ratifying states. Until January , the E. Among them are amendments granting the District of Columbia voting representation in Congress passed by Congress in and ratified by 16 states before it expired , an amendment prohibiting American citizens from receiving titles of nobility from a foreign government sorry Duchess Meghan!

The Corwin Amendment, a compromise measure passed in the leadup to the Civil War and supported by Abraham Lincoln , is a more sinister, still-technically-lingering amendment. It would have permanently barred the federal government from abolishing slavery.

ERA supporters have long argued that just as Congress had the power to set a deadline, they have the power to lift one. Senate Joint Resolution 6 , a bipartisan measure sponsored by Sens. Second, can states act to rescind their support of a constitutional amendment before it is finally ratified?

Congress confronted this question twice, during the ratification of 14th and 15th Amendments in the years immediately following the Civil War. In each instance, Congress adopted resolutions declaring the amendments ratified, ignoring the purported state rescissions. Who will decide these questions? Under a law, the Archivist of the United States is charged with issuing a formal certification after three-quarters of the states have ratified an amendment.

When there has been doubt over the validity of an amendment, Congress has acted to declare it valid. This occurred most recently in when the states ratified the 27th Amendment , years after Congress proposed it. Ferriero had previously accepted the ratifications from both Nevada and Illinois.

But would the courts have a say in this controversy? If Congress acts to waive the deadline, would the courts continue to honor that precedent? How much weight would they give to the view of the American people, who strongly support the ERA according to recent polls? After a long period of dormancy, the campaign to ratify the ERA has sprung back to life.

During puberty, a girl will have breast growth, start to accumulate body fat around the hips and thighs, and have a growth spurt. Estrogen and progesterone are also involved in the regulation of a girl's menstrual cycle. These hormones also play a role in pregnancy. Pancreas: The pancreas pronounced: PAN-kree-us makes insulin pronounced: IN-suh-lin and glucagon pronounced: GLOO-kuh-gawn , which are hormones that control the level of glucose , or sugar, in the blood.

Insulin helps keep the body supplied with stores of energy. The body uses this stored energy for exercise and activity, and it also helps organs work as they should. Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD. Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Is the Endocrine System?

What Does the Endocrine System Do? Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.

The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. This can depend on levels of hormones already in the blood, or on levels of other substances in the blood, like calcium. Many things affect hormone levels, such as stress, infection, and changes in the balance of fluid and minerals in blood. What Are the Parts of the Endocrine System? Jump to: Endocrine system function Endocrine system diseases What is an endocrinologist?

Additional resources. Located on the tops of the kidneys, these glands produce steroid hormones such as corticosterone, which helps regulate the body's stress response and maintain homeostasis. The pituitary gland is a small bean-shaped gland at the base of the brain. It controls the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testicles by secreting hormones that signal those glands to also produce hormones.

The hypothalamus is a small gland in the brain located near the pituitary gland. It collects information from virtually all other areas of the central nervous system, and in response it releases hormones that tell the pituitary gland which hormones to send out to other glands.

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA or HTPA axis is a complex set of direct influences and steroid-producing feedback interactions among the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.

All vertebrates have an HPA, but the steroid-producing stress response is so important that even invertebrates and monocellular organisms have analogous systems. The HPA is important to psychology because it is intimately involved with many mood disorders involving stress, including anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, insomnia, PTSD, borderline personality disorder, ADHD, depression, and many others.

Antidepressants work by reglulating the HPA axis. The hypothalamus contains neurons that synthesize and secrete vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH. These two hormones travel through blood to the anterior pituitary, where they cause the secretion of stored adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH.

The ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex, which produces steroids—in humans, primarily the steroid cortisol. This causes a negative feedback cycle in which the steroids inhibit the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, and it also causes the adrenal gland to produce the hormones epinephrine also known as adrenaline and norepinephrine.

In the process described above, the HPA axis ultimately produces cortisol. Stressors that are uncontrollable, threaten physical integrity, or involve trauma tend to have a high, flat profile of cortisol release with lower-than-normal levels of cortisol in the morning and higher-than-normal levels in the evening resulting in a high overall level of daily cortisol release. On the other hand, controllable stressors tend to produce higher-than-normal morning cortisol.

Stress hormone release tends to decline gradually after a stressor occurs. In post-traumatic stress disorder there appears to be lower-than-normal cortisol release, and it is thought that a blunted hormonal response to stress may predispose a person to develop PTSD. There is growing evidence that prenatal stress can affect HPA regulation in humans.

Children who were stressed prenatally may show altered cortisol rhythms. For example, several studies have found an association between maternal depression during pregnancy and childhood cortisol levels.

Prenatal stress has also been implicated in a tendency toward depression and short attention span in childhood. However, there is no clear indication that HPA disregulation caused by prenatal stress can alter adult behavior. Hunger is divided into long-term and short-term regulation, each stimulating different hormone responses from the hypothalamus.

Hunger is the set of physical and psychological sensations that arise when food is needed by the body. Food consumption particularly overconsumption can result in weight gain, whereas insufficient consumption, or malnutrition, will cause significant weight and motivational energy loss. Hunger is controlled by the hypothalamus and hormones. It is regulated over both the long term and the short term.

The physical sensation of hunger comes from contractions of the stomach muscles. These contractions are believed to be triggered by high concentrations of the hormone ghrelin. Two other hormones, peptide YY and leptin, cause the physical sensations of being full. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system:.

Pineal body. The pineal body is located below the corpus callosum, in the middle of the brain. It produces the hormone melatonin, which helps the body know when it's time to sleep. The pituitary gland is located below the brain. Usually no larger than a pea, the gland controls many functions of the other endocrine glands.

Dreams are one of the most fascinating and mystifying aspects of sleep. Since Sigmund Freud helped draw attention to the potential importance of dreams in the late 19th century, considerable research has worked to unravel both the neuroscience and psychology of dreams.

Despite this advancing scientific knowledge, there is much that remains unknown about both sleep and dreams. Even the most fundamental question — why do we dream at all? While everyone dreams, the content of those dreams and their effect on sleep can vary dramatically from person to person. Dreams are images, thoughts, or feelings that occur during sleep. Visual imagery is the most common , but dreams can involve all of the senses. Some people dream in color while others dream in black and white , and people who are blind tend to have more dream components related to sound, taste, and smell.

Studies have revealed diverse types of dream content, but some typical characteristics of dreaming include:. Although these features are not universal, they are found at least to some extent in most normal dreams. Debate continues among sleep experts about why we dream. Different theories about the purpose of dreaming include:. Experts in the fields of neuroscience and psychology continue to conduct experiments to discover what is happening in the brain during sleep, but even with ongoing research, it may be impossible to conclusively prove any theory for why we dream.

On average, most people dream for around two hours per night. Dreaming can happen during any stage of sleep , but dreams are the most prolific and intense during the rapid eye movement REM stage.

During the REM sleep stage, brain activity ramps up considerably compared to the non-REM stages, which helps explain the distinct types of dreaming during these stages. By contrast, non-REM dreams tend to involve more coherent content that involves thoughts or memories grounded to a specific time and place.

REM sleep is not distributed evenly through the night. The majority of REM sleep happens during the second half of a normal sleep period, which means that dreaming tends to be concentrated in the hours before waking up. How to interpret dreams, and whether they have meaning at all, are matters of considerable controversy. Virtually all experts acknowledge that dreams can involve content that ties back to waking experiences although the content may be changed or misrepresented.

For example, in describing dreams, people often reference people who they recognize clearly even if their appearance is distorted in the dream. The meaning of real-life details appearing in dreams, though, is far from settled.

Dreams can take on many different forms. Lucid dreams occur when a person is in a dream while being actively aware that they are dreaming. Vivid dreams involve especially realistic or clear dream content. Bad dreams are composed of bothersome or distressing content. Recurring dreams involve the same imagery repeating in multiple dreams over time. Even within normal dreams, there are certain types of content that are especially identifiable. Among the most recognizable and common themes in dreams are things like flying, falling, being chased, or being unable to find a bathroom.

This definition is distinct from common usage that may refer to any threatening, scary, or bothersome dream as a nightmare. Dreaming is part of healthy sleep and is generally considered to be completely normal and without any negative effects on sleep.

Nightmares are the exception. Because nightmares involve awakenings, they can become problematic if they occur frequently. Distressing dreams may cause a person to avoid sleep, leading to insufficient sleep. When they do sleep, the prior sleep deprivation can induce a REM sleep rebound that actually worsens nightmares. This negative cycle can cause some people with frequent nightmares to experience insomnia as a chronic sleep problem.

For this reason, people who have nightmares more than once a week, have fragmented sleep, or have daytime sleepiness or changes to their thinking or mood should talk with a doctor. A doctor can review these symptoms to identify the potential causes and treatments of their sleeping problem. For people who want to document or interpret dreams, remembering them is a key first step.

The ability to recall dreams can be different for every person and may vary based on age. Remind yourself that dream recall is a priority. In the lead-up to bedtime, tell yourself that you will remember your dreams, and repeat this mantra before going to sleep.

People with frequent nightmares that disturb sleep should talk with a doctor who can determine if they have nightmare disorder or any other condition affecting their sleep quality. Treatment for nightmare disorder often includes talk therapy that attempts to counteract negative thinking, stress, and anxiety that can worsen nightmares.

Many types of talk therapy attempt to reduce worries or fears, including those that can arise in nightmares. This type of exposure or desensitization therapy helps many patients reframe their emotional reaction to negative imagery since trying to simply suppress negative thoughts may exacerbate nightmares.

Another step in trying to reduce nightmares is to improve sleep hygiene , which includes both sleep-related habits and the bedroom environment. Healthy sleep hygiene can make your nightly sleep more predictable and may help you sleep soundly through the night even if you have bad dreams. Examples of healthy sleep tips include:. Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute.

He is board-certified in psychiatry as well as sleep medicine. A nighttime cough is the cold symptom most likely to interfere with sleep. Learn how to sleep with a cough…. Learn more about the causes and underlying mechanisms of REM rebound, a phenomenon in which a person temporarily experiences more….

Several bizarre features of normal dreams have similarities with well-known neuropsychological syndromes that occur after brain damage, such as delusional misidentifications for faces and places. Dreams were evaluated in people experiencing different types of headache. Results showed people with migraine had increased frequency of dreams involving taste and smell. This may suggest that the role of some cerebral structures, such as amygdala and hypothalamus, are involved in migraine mechanisms as well as in the biology of sleep and dreaming.

Music in dreams is rarely studied in scientific literature. However, in a study of 35 professional musicians and 30 non-musicians, the musicians experienced twice as many dreams featuring music, when compared with non-musicians. Musical dream frequency was related to the age of commencement of musical instruction but not to the daily load of musical activity. Nearly half of the recalled music was non-standard, suggesting that original music can be created in dreams.

It has been shown that realistic, localized painful sensations can be experienced in dreams, either through direct incorporation or from memories of pain.

However, the frequency of pain dreams in healthy subjects is low. In one study, 28 non-ventilated burn victims were interviewed for 5 consecutive mornings during their first week of hospitalization. Results showed :. More than half did not report pain dreams. However, these results could suggest that pain dreams occur at a greater frequency in populations currently experiencing pain than in normal volunteers.

One study has linked frontotemporal gamma EEG activity to conscious awareness in dreams. The study found that current stimulation in the lower gamma band during REM sleep influences on-going brain activity and induces self-reflective awareness in dreams. Researchers concluded that higher order consciousness is related to oscillations around 25 and 40 Hz.

Recent research has demonstrated parallels between styles of romantic attachment and general dream content. Assessment results from 61 student participants in committed dating relationships of six months duration or longer revealed a significant association between relationship-specific attachment security and the degree to which dreams about romantic partners followed.

The findings illuminate our understanding of mental representations with regards to specific attachment figures. Researchers compared the dream content of different groups of people in a psychiatric facility. Participants in one group had been admitted after attempting to take their own lives. Their dreams of this group were compared with those of three control groups in the facility who had experienced:. Those who had considered or attempted suicide or carried out violence had were more likely to have dreams with content relating to death and destructive violence.

The right and left hemispheres of the brain seem to contribute in different ways to a dream formation. Researchers of one study concluded that the left hemisphere seems to provide dream origin while the right hemisphere provides dream vividness, figurativeness and affective activation level. A study of adolescents aged 10 to 17 years found that those who were left-handed were more likely to experience lucid dreams and to remember dreams within other dreams.

Studies of brain activity suggest that most people over the age of 10 years dream between 4 and 6 times each night, but some people rarely remember dreaming. It is often said that 5 minutes after a dream, people have forgotten 50 percent of its content, increasing to 90 percent another 5 minutes later. Most dreams are entirely forgotten by the time someone wakes up, but it is not known precisely why dreams are so hard to remember.

There are factors that can potentially influence who remembers their dreams, how much of the dream remains intact, and how vivid it is. Age: Over time, a person is likely to experience changes in sleep timing, structure, and electroencephalographic EEG activity.

Evidence suggests that dream recall progressively decreases from the beginning of adulthood, but not in older age. Dream also become less intense. This evolution occurs faster in men than women, with gender differences in the content of dreams. Gender: A study of dreams experienced by males and females found no differences between the amount of aggression, friendliness, sexuality, male characters, weapons, or clothes that feature in the content.

However, the dreams of females featured a higher number of family members, babies, children, and indoor settings than those of males.

Sleep disorders : Dream recall is heightened in patients with insomnia , and their dreams reflect the stress associated with their condition. The dreams of people with narcolepsy may a more bizarre and negative tone.

One study looked at whether dream recall and dream content would reflect the social relationships of the person who is dreaming. College student volunteers were assessed on measures of attachment, dream recall, dream content, and other psychological measures.

Everyone dreams, although we may not remember our dreams. At different times of life or during different experiencs, our dreams might change. A study investigating anxiety dreams in children aged 9 to 11 years observed the following :. Studies comparing the dreams of pregnant and non-pregnant women showed that:. Those that give care to family or people who have long-term illnesses often have dreams related to that individual.

A study following the dreams of adults that worked for at least a year with individuals at United States hospice centers noted :. It is widely believed that oppressive dreams are frequent in people going through a time of bereavement. A study analyzing dream quality, as well as the linking of oppressive dreams in bereavement, discovered that oppressive dreams:. In another study of people experiencing bereavement:. Younger people are more likely to dream in color.

The number of people aged in their 20s, 30s and 40s dreaming in color increased through to Researchers speculated that color television might play a role in the generational difference. Another study using questionnaires and dream diaries also found older adults had more black and white dreams than the younger participants.

Older people reported that both their color dreams and black and white dreams were equally vivid. However, younger participants said that their black and white dreams were of poorer quality.

Some researchers claim to have evidence that this is possible, but there is not enough evidence to prove it. Most often, this seems to be due to coincidence, a false memory, or the unconscious mind connecting together known information. Dreams may help people learn more about their feelings, beliefs, and values. Images and symbols that appear in dreams will have meanings and connections that are specific to each person.

What causes dreams when we are sleeping? Butler says there are many scientific theories for why we dream: Activation-synthesis theory: Based on the work of Harvard University psychiatrists, this theory suggests dreams occur when there is stimulation in the brain that brings thoughts to our awareness.

You should also see a doctor if you have symptoms of REM behavioral disorder. Share this story. Download the app today! Living Better.

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Removable insoles also can be used, including those that are specially made to reduce foot odor. They are disposable and may have an anti-microbial feature to deter bacteria. Although, Dr. If you have tried your best to eliminate your odor, changed shoes and socks, and washed every day, and still have an odor, it may be time to consult a podiatrist or primary care doctor.

They can provide expert guidance on the next level of care. When you work with a primary care physician PCP , you develop a lasting relationship. Your doctor will get to know you and your history and can plan your treatments accordingly.

Our PCPs offer a variety of services, including preventive care and treatment for both urgent and chronic conditions. Share this on: After a long day at work, school, or play, you come home, kick off your shoes and socks and are greeted with that unmistakable smell — stinky feet. At this point, you should definitely be looking for an effective treatment.

Thickened toenails are a sign the fungus is thriving and is much more difficult to manage. You may even start to notice that your toenails are painful when you wear certain footwear. At this stage, you should invest in a set of tools to manicure your toenails effectively.

Thick nails are harder to trim and file, but shorter toenails mean the treatment for toenail fungus will work better. When toenail fungus flourishes, the more your nails weaken. Subsequently, the more debris builds-up under your toenail. When this happens, there is the potential for the toenail to come loose.

At this point the toenail is dead. When toenail fungus causes the toenail to lift from the bed, the condition is severe and should be attended to by a doctor. In some cases, the doctor will decide to remove the toenail surgically so they can treat the fungus underneath. It is far better to pay attention to the early warning signs and treat toenail fungus before the condition gets worse.

Dead toenail smells bad and can be painful for several weeks until a new toenail grows back. In the meantime, you should continue to treat the fungal infection. While fungal infections are treatable, they do require attention. If fungal infections are left unattended, the condition will become worse. At the very least fungal infections that are encouraged to grow will irritate, but can also be painful.

Foot fungus is widespread. It thrives in dark, moist places such as a shoe or a sock. When the foot is unable to breathe, the , sweat glands perspire heavily and release around a quarter pint of sweat a day. These are precisely the type of condition in which toenail fungus thrives. It is recommended that you take care of your feet and clean the white smelly toenail gunk on a regular basis to avoid encouraging fungus to grow.

If the white smelly stuff under your toenail smells, you probably have toenail fungus. You should treat toenail fungus as soon as possible to avoid the problem getting worse. Treating toenail fungus can be performed at home. All you need is a good set of pedicure utensils and some over-the-counter foot cream that is specially formulated to treat fungal infections.

Selected ointments and gels work as well. If the condition does not improve after several months, you might want to consult a doctor and ask them to recommend a stronger treatment. However, you should note that it can take up to 18 months for toenail fungus to heal completely.

Because toenail fungus is so common, there are many treatments including home remedies. However, many home remedies are not scientifically proven to work even though there are studies that suggest they might. If you do have toenail fungus or think you may be developing a problem, the best thing to do is apply a treatment that is specially formulated to treat fungal infections.

The best way to treat toenail fungus is to prevent it. If you are worried about the white smelly gunk under your toenails running rampant, take the precaution of looking after your feet on a daily basis in order to reduce the risk of infection.

Preventing toenail fungus follows the same process as a treatment for fungal affections. There are other preventative actions you can take in addition to taking care of your feet. Being aware of how fungal infections are contracted and grow, as we explain in the guide, is a good starting point for practicing general foot hygiene.

You should, therefore, be careful to protect your feet against the risk of fungal infections. Make sure your feet are covered with appropriate footwear or socks in public spaces that are typically riddled with fungi and bacteria such as public changing rooms, swimming baths, and the airport. Support Us! Make a donation to support the Naked Scientists. Forum discussions Is it possible to replicate a virus without it being in a cell? Energy loss in electrolysis Covid19 amp Mental Health?

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This condition is usually benign but in some instances, can cause serious complications. Anyone can get toe jam, although some people are more susceptible to it than others. They include:. Some groups of people may also be more prone to complications from toe jam than others.

Keeping feet clean and dry is important for prevention of toe jam. If the skin on your feet and between your toes is extremely dry or cracked, apply petroleum jelly and leave it on overnight. Make sure to wash your feet thoroughly with warm, but not hot water, in the morning. Check your footwear for tightness, especially at the end of a long day. If your shoes are too tight, or cause your feet to sweat excessively, trade them in for a roomier pair. When toe jam is the result of an underlying skin condition, treating the condition should help alleviate the problem.

In some instances, your doctor may prescribe topical creams or other medications for you to take. Any infection on the foot or between the toes should be examined by a doctor.

Call your pharmacist for new medicine. Your care provider will show you where on your body to inject interferon beta-1a. Use a different place each time you give an injection. Do not inject into the same place two times in a row.

About 2 hours after your injection, check for skin redness, swelling, or pain where you gave the injection. Call your doctor if you have a skin reaction that does not go away within a few days. This medicine can cause flu-like symptoms, especially when you first start using it. You may be given other medications to help prevent these symptoms. Keep using these medicines for as long as your doctor has prescribed. Each prefilled syringe or injection pen is for one use only. Throw it away after one use, even if there is still medicine left inside.

After mixing the powder form of interferon beta-1a with a diluent, store the mixture in a refrigerator and use it within 6 hours. The Avonex prefilled syringe or autoinjector may be removed from the refrigerator about 30 minutes before your injection, to reach room temperature. Do not warm the medicine under hot water. You may also store interferon beta-1a for a short time at cool room temperature protected from light. Do not freeze interferon beta-1a , and throw away the medicine if it has become frozen.

Each vial, syringe, or autoinjector is for one use only. Use a needle and syringe only once and then place them in a puncture-proof "sharps" container. Follow state or local laws about how to dispose of this container. Keep it out of the reach of children and pets.

For Avonex: Use the medicine as soon as you can, but do not inject Avonex two days in a row. Do not use two doses at one time. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction hives, itching, anxiety, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat or a severe skin reaction fever, sore throat, burning eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash with blistering and peeling. Interferon beta-1a can cause life-threatening blood clots in the small blood vessels inside your organs, such as your brain or kidneys.

Seek medical help right away if you have symptoms of this condition, such as a fever, tiredness, decreased urination, bruising, or nosebleeds. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.

Other drugs may affect interferon beta-1a, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Tell your doctor about all your current medicines and any medicine you start or stop using. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.

Tecfidera and Aubagio are only available as brand-name drugs. Generic forms are typically less expensive than brand-name drugs. Tecfidera generally costs a little bit more than Aubagio. However, the exact price you pay will depend on your insurance plan. Tecfidera and Copaxone glatiramer acetate are both classified as disease-modifying therapies.

Copaxone must be injected. It comes as a self-injectable subcutaneous injection. It can be given at home either once daily or three times per week. Tecfidera and Copaxone have some similar side effects and some that differ. Both Tecfidera and Copaxone are effective for treating MS.

However, according to one analysis , Tecfidera may be more effective than Copaxone for preventing relapse and slowing worsening of disability. Tecfidera is only available as a brand-name drug. Copaxone is available as a brand-name drug.

The generic form of Copaxone is much less expensive than Tecfidera. Brand-name Copaxone and Tecfidera generally cost about the same. The actual amount you pay will depend on your insurance plan.

Tecfidera and Ocrevus ocrelizumab are both classified as disease-modifying therapies. Both decrease certain immune functions of the body, but they work in different ways. Ocrevus is also approved for treating progressive forms of MS. An advantage of Tecfidera is that it can be taken by mouth. Ocrevus must be injected using an intravenous IV infusion. It must be administered in a clinic or hospital.

After the first two doses, Ocrevus is given every six months. Tecfidera and Ocrevus have some similar side effects and some that differ.

Tecfidera and Ocrevus are available as brand-name medications. Ocrevus may cost less than Tecfidera. Tecfidera and Tysabri natalizumab are both classified as disease-modifying therapies. Both drugs decrease certain immune functions of the body, but they work in different ways. Tecfidera and Tysabri have some similar side effects and some that differ.

This is the strongest warning the FDA requires. Both Tecfidera and Tysabri are effective for treating MS. However, according to one analysis , Tysabri may be more effective than Tecfidera for preventing relapse. Tecfidera and Tysabri are only available as brand-name drugs. Generics typically cost less than brand-name medications. Tecfidera generally costs more than Tysabri.

Tecfidera and Gilenya fingolimod are both classified as disease-modifying therapies. Tecfidera and Gilenya have some similar side effects and some that differ. Both Tecfidera and Gilenya are effective for treating MS.

However, according to one analysis , Tecfidera and Gilenya work about equally well for preventing relapse. Tecfidera and Gilenya are only available as brand-name drugs.

Tecfidera and Gilenya generally cost about the same. Tecfidera and interferon Avonex, Rebif are both classified as disease-modifying therapies. Avonex and Rebif are two different brand names of interferon beta-1a. Both forms must be injected. Both are self-administered at home. Tecfidera and interferon have some similar side effects and some that differ.

Both Tecfidera and interferon are effective for treating MS. However, according to one analysis , Tecfidera may be more effective than interferon for preventing relapse and slowing worsening of disability.

Tecfidera and interferon Rebif, Avonex are only available as brand-name drugs. Tecfidera and interferon generally cost about the same. The actual amount you pay will depend on your insurance. Several clinical studies have shown that it can prevent MS relapse and slow worsening of physical disability. Some claim that Protandim works like Tecfidera works.

However, Protandim has never been studied in people with MS. Therefore, there is no reliable clinical research that it works. If you would like to explore other treatment options, talk with your doctor. The following information describes dosages that are commonly used or recommended. However, be sure to take the dosage your doctor prescribes for you.

Your doctor will determine the best dosage to suit your needs. When Tecfidera is started, the dosage is mg twice a day for the first seven days. After this first week, the dosage is increased to mg twice daily. This is the long-term maintenance dose. For people who have bothersome side effects from Tecfidera, the maintenance dosage can be temporarily decreased to mg twice daily.

The higher maintenance dosage of mg twice daily should be started again within four weeks. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. Tecfidera should be taken with food. This can help reduce the flushing side effect. Flushing can also be reduced by taking mg of aspirin 30 minutes before taking Tecfidera. Tecfidera capsules should be swallowed whole.

Animal studies show that Tecfidera may be harmful to a fetus and may not be safe to take during pregnancy. If you become pregnant while taking Tecfidera, you can take part in the Tecfidera Pregnancy Registry.

A pregnancy registry helps gather information on how certain drugs can affect pregnancy. Some experts recommend avoiding breastfeeding while taking this drug. Multiple sclerosis MS is an autoimmune disease. With this type of condition, the immune system, which fights disease, mistakes healthy cells for enemy invaders and attacks them. This can cause chronic inflammation.

With MS, this chronic inflammation is thought to cause nerve damage, including the demyelination that causes many MS symptoms. Oxidative stress OS is also thought to cause this damage.

OS is an imbalance of certain molecules in your body. Tecfidera is thought to help treat MS by causing the body to produce a protein called Nrf2. This effect, in turn, helps reduce the damage caused by inflammation and OS.

It may also prevent the body from activating certain immune cells. These effects could also help reduce MS symptoms. Tecfidera will begin to work in your body right away, but it can take several weeks to reach its full effect. However, alcohol might worsen certain side effects of Tecfidera, such as:. Tecfidera may interact with other medications. Below is a list of medications that may interact with Tecfidera. This list may not contain all drugs that may interact with Tecfidera.

Different drug interactions can cause different effects. For instance, some can interfere with how well a drug works, while others can cause increased side effects. Before taking Tecfidera, be sure to tell your doctor and pharmacist about all prescription, over-the-counter, and other drugs you take. Also tell them about any vitamins, herbs, and supplements you use.

Sharing this information can help you avoid potential interactions. If you have questions about drug interactions that may affect you, ask your doctor or pharmacist. The question remains over what constitutes a sub-optimal response, as none of the treatments cure the disease. Increased relapse rate especially with moderate or severe relapses , new MRI lesions, progression of disease, and cognition decline are all considered important criteria.

If the diagnosis of a suboptimal treatment response is established, the question of what is the best course of treatment arises. The best course of action for a sub-optimal response is not established but may be clarified with current on-going clinical trials. For example, recent pilot data from two clinical trials in RRMS indicate that increasing the dose of Betaseron increases efficacy without reducing adherence.

In an attempt to reintroduce the drug, a thorough safety analysis of all patients treated with Tysabri is under way. Its future role in the routine treatment of MS is clouded because other treatments with robust efficacy data have been proven safe after 10 or more years of experience. Unfortunately, most MS clinical trials do not represent rigorous scientific standards because of the lack of patient randomization, use of un-blinded evaluators, or lack of representative controls.

The diagnosis can be made earlier so that treatment can begin before extensive damage has accumulated in the brain and spinal cord. The choice of treatment is a balance between efficacy, tolerability, safety, and convenience.

The successful management of most side effects has improved drug tolerability so that most patients can continue on any of these drugs for many years. Newer injection protocols have made all of the drugs more convenient.

All of the current immunomodulating therapies also have good long-term safety data. The issue of efficacy has been addressed by the pivotal trials, independent evidence-based medicine EBM reviews and scientifically rigorous class I head-to-head clinical trials.

The higher-dosed and more frequently administered interferons Betaseron and Rebif have more robust efficacy data than the weekly, low-dose IFN Avonex according to expert EBM reviews. As a group, the interferons have more robust efficacy data related to delaying the progression of MS disability compared with Copaxone data. High-dose interferons are more likely to be associated with NAbs, but their clinical significance has not been established.

Close communications between healthcare professionals, the patient, and the family, plus a focus on minimizing side effects and increasing adherence, have helped with the success of all of the treatments in the long-term. In addition to treatments with DMTs, the aggressive management of MS symptoms fatigue, spasticity, pain, etc. As the understanding of the disease increases every year, new treatments are being proposed and many new studies are in progress.

These new treatments are likely to continue to improve the disease course of MS patients. Neurologic manifestations in systemic sclerosis are rare, occurring in 0.

Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common neurologic abnormalities, with central nervous system involvement reported less frequently. US Neurology.

How can a person's chemistry be so immune to scent imprint? Of course there have recently been a few duds that last past 24hrs go figure. Mar 25, Stop going in those crappy department stores. You'll never find anything there, I haven't. Start by visiting theperfumedcourt and order some good samples.

Apr 26, Click to expand ChickenFreak Well-known member. Oct 24, What brands have you tried? You mentioned CdG, but have you tried many niche scents? If not, I'd suggest sending off for some niche samples. If you find that you don't like any of the current fashions in scent, then I think that the next logical step is to try "different". A couple of other thoughts: - Remember that good perfumes are supposed to change, so what you smell in the first few minutes is not how the perfume will end up.

I realize that flipping your hair back to spray your neck in a department store will feel a bit odd, but it might be worth it. That will keep you from being able to judge the drydown over time. I'd suggest trying just one, and living with it for a few hours.

Just because I always have to suggest things, some of my favorite non-floral non-vanilla scents are: - Bois Sushi Imperiale. Sparkly gingery spicy; some people describe it as being like ginger soda. Yes, in a good way. OK, I could go on forever, but my main message is: Send off for some niche.

Edited to add: I forgot to say that when people complain about something being "perfumey", they're quite often referring to aldehydes. I suspect that anything that includes aldehydes in the notes list, and anything described as an "aldehydic floral", is going to be something that you'll dislike.

I'm slowly learning to tolerate aldehydes, but they remain something that I tolerate for the sake of the rest of the perfume, not something that I seek. It's my opinion that a very large percentage of department store perfumes are heavy on aldehydes, though others may disagree and they may be right to do so.

Last edited: Jan 12, Sep 13, Exfoliate your skin. Use a loofa. Ohh and welcome to BN. Nov 5, From reading your post, it looks like it's not your skin you find things too strong on paper as well but your nose, which seems very sensitive. On skin, perfumes become even stronger, because body heat makes them evaporate faster. When you smell your friends, you smell them at a distance, plus you're likely smelling the drydown, when the frag has evaporated a bit.

If you smelled your friend closely just after she sprayed, you'd probably find it loud too. You could try spraying perfumes even farther away from your nose, for instance, on your legs and fabric is colder than skin anyway. Solid perfumes usually project less than alcohol based ones. Unfortunately, few brands have them. If you have access to Lush stores, they have some.

So does Diptyque, a niche brand Diptyque would be good also because most of their scents tend to be light and natural, spicy smelling.

You could also try particularly light fragrances. A relatively easy to find example could be Eau parfumee au the vert, which smells of light tea. Oct 13, Maybe in the end you just have to chalk it up to fragrances arent for you.

Nothing wrong with that, Oct 8, The Hermessence line in particular is worth trying, given your experiences. Sep 1, As suggested above, l recommend you try some perfume oils, as these tend to project much less than alcohol-based fragrances.

There are several brands of oils available at Luckyscent. Basenotes Plus. Mar 4, What about Atelier Cologne? Their scents are for the most part quite light, and supposedly uses a high content of natural materials.

They have a great tea scent, Oolang Infini, that I especially recommend. If you detest Earl Grey, then forget what I just said :tongue What I like about them is that the scents are not floral, its all about fruits and spices, and they feel very natural.

I think they could work well for a sensitive nose. They are not cheap, so get spray decants from The Perfume Court and try them out. Jun 1, Dec 23, As you have tried many already, perhaps you just don't enjoy perfumes. If you think something smells nice, chances are someone else thinks differently, a UNSW Engineering researcher explains. Dr Hayes recalled the time he suffered temporary anosmia, meaning he lost his sense of smell. A related condition is hyposmia: a reduced smell sensitivity.

Most of the glasses had cracked. Dr Hayes said traumatic injury and genetics could also influence the ability of ORNs to regenerate. Thinking of dousing yourself in deodorant to make yourself smell better?

Dr Hayes said several other surprising factors also played a role in our ability to detect odour, including gender and cultural background. Hearing Aids. Hearing Aid Batteries.

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